Reported speech or indirect speech is a way of
expressing what the other person (speaker) has said directly (direct / quoted
speech) in the form of statements, questions, or greeting another by changing
the format of the talks so that it becomes more clear, natural, and efficient
for the listener.
In Reported speech, there was a change tenses know.
So we do not just use regular expressions by simply changing the subject.
The
table below illustrates the changes:
|
From
|
Into
|
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
Past Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
will
|
Would
|
|
Auxiliary Verbs Be
|
|
|
am / is
|
was
|
|
are
|
were
|
|
was / were
|
had been
|
|
has been
|
had been
|
|
had been
|
had been
|
Direct speech is converted into Reported speech can
be a statement , imperative [command, invitation, request (demand)], yes / no
question, as well as information question (the question of information).
CONTOH
|
Reporting
|
Example of Sentence Direct Speech
|
Example of Sentence Reported Speech
|
|
Statement
|
“I’m not hungry
now.”
|
He said that he was
not hungry at that time.
|
|
Imperative
|
“Do not touch my
computer!”
|
She told me not to
touch her computer.
|
|
Yes-no question
|
“Did you eat my
cake?”
|
She wanted to know
if I’d eaten her cake.
|
|
Information
question |
“Who is the winner?”
|
He asked me who the
winner was.
|
How to Become a Direct Change Reported Speech
Basically, direct speech is converted into Reported
speech by removing the quotation marks, eliminate the capital letters in the
sentence, adding that (optional), changed the pronouns (being the third
person), modifying the verb, correcting the time reference (time mentioned in
the conversation) and or adding Whether or if. Here are some explanations.
Perbandingan time
references pada direct dan reported speech adalah
sebagai berikut.
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
|
here
|
there
|
|
last month/year
|
·
the month/year before
·
the preceding month/year
·
the previous month/year
|
|
next month/year
|
·
a month/year later
·
the following month/year
·
the next month/year
|
|
now
|
·
at that time
·
then
|
|
today
|
that day
|
|
tomorrow
|
·
a day later
·
the following/next day
|
|
yesterday
|
·
the day before
·
the previous day
|
|
two days/weeks ago
|
·
two days/weeks before
·
two days/weeks earlier
|
Examples of changes time reference:
|
Example of Sentence Direct Speech
|
Example of Sentence Reported Speech
|
|
“Will I receive the
packet tomorrow?”
|
He asked if he would
receive the packet the following day.
|
|
“I have to return
the book two days ago.”
|
She said that she
had to return the book two days earlier.
|
Adding Reported speechwhether or if
Whether or if added to deliver a yes-no question
sentences that have been heard before. Yes-no question is a form of questions
that need answers yes or no.
|
Example of Sentence Direct Speech
|
Example of Sentence Reported Speech
|
Information
|
|
“Do you have a
little time?”
|
He asked me if I
had a little time.
|
answers to questions
direct speech: Yes, I do atau No, I
don’t
|
|
“Have you heard the
news?”
|
She wanted to knowwhether I
had heard the news.
|
answers to questions
direct speech: Yes, I have atau No, I
haven’t
|
Verb modification in Reported Speech
Modifications to the verb of direct into Reported
speech may be to change the verb into the infinitive. This change was applied
to the reporting imperative (command). In addition, generally verb tense
(present or future, including the capital) is converted to the form of the
past. For example, direct speech: present tense, then his speech Reported: past
tense. Here are the details.
|
Direct Speech
|
Reported Speech
|
|
future (am/is/are
going to)
|
was/were going to
|
|
past tense
|
past perfect
|
|
past continuous
|
|
|
will
|
would
|
|
must, have to
|
had to
|
|
may (permission)
|
could, might
|
|
shall
|
should (ask for
advice), would (simple future)
|
|
may (possibility)
|
might
|
|
can
|
could
|
Examples of changes verb (and capital):
|
Example of Sentence Direct Speech
|
Example of Sentence Reported Speech
|
|
“I have cleaned your
room.”
|
He told that he had
cleaned my room.
Information:
·
have cleaned= present perfect
·
had cleaned= past perfect
|
|
“May I go to the
bathroom?”
|
She asked if she
could go to the bathroom.
Information:
·
may= modal (present)
·
could= modal (past)
|
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