Reported Speech

Reported speech or indirect speech is a way of expressing what the other person (speaker) has said directly (direct / quoted speech) in the form of statements, questions, or greeting another by changing the format of the talks so that it becomes more clear, natural, and efficient for the listener.

In Reported speech, there was a change tenses know. So we do not just use regular expressions by simply changing the subject.

The table below illustrates the changes:

From	Into
Simple Present	Simple Past
Simple Past	Past Perfect
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Past Perfect	Past Perfect
will	Would
Auxiliary Verbs Be
am / is	was
are	were
was / were	had been
has been	had been
had been	had been

Direct speech is converted into Reported speech can be a statement , imperative [command, invitation, request (demand)], yes / no question, as well as information question (the question of information).

CONTOH

Reporting	Example of Sentence Direct Speech	Example of Sentence Reported Speech
Statement	“I’m not hungry now.”	He said that he was not hungry at that time.
Imperative	“Do not touch my computer!”	She told me not to touch her computer.
Yes-no question	“Did you eat my cake?”	She wanted to know if I’d eaten her cake.
Information question	“Who is the winner?”	He asked me who the winner was.

How to Become a Direct Change Reported Speech 

Basically, direct speech is converted into Reported speech by removing the quotation marks, eliminate the capital letters in the sentence, adding that (optional), changed the pronouns (being the third person), modifying the verb, correcting the time reference (time mentioned in the conversation) and or adding Whether or if. Here are some explanations.

Perbandingan time references pada direct dan reported speech adalah sebagai berikut.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
here	there
last month/year	·         the month/year before ·         the preceding month/year ·         the previous month/year
next month/year	·         a month/year later ·         the following month/year ·         the next month/year
now	·         at that time ·         then
today	that day
tomorrow	·         a day later ·         the following/next day
yesterday	·         the day before ·         the previous day
two days/weeks ago	·         two days/weeks before ·         two days/weeks earlier

Examples of changes time reference:

Example of Sentence Direct Speech	Example of Sentence Reported Speech
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?”	He asked if he would receive the packet the following day.
“I have to return the book two days ago.”	She said that she had to return the book two days earlier.

Adding Reported speechwhether or if 

Whether or if added to deliver a yes-no question sentences that have been heard before. Yes-no question is a form of questions that need answers yes or no.

Example of Sentence Direct Speech	Example of Sentence Reported Speech	Information
“Do you have a little time?”	He asked me if I had a little time.	answers to questions direct speech: Yes, I do atau No, I don’t
“Have you heard the news?”	She wanted to knowwhether I had heard the news.	answers to questions direct speech: Yes, I have atau No, I haven’t

Verb modification in Reported Speech

Modifications to the verb of direct into Reported speech may be to change the verb into the infinitive. This change was applied to the reporting imperative (command). In addition, generally verb tense (present or future, including the capital) is converted to the form of the past. For example, direct speech: present tense, then his speech Reported: past tense. Here are the details.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present tense	past tense
present continuous	past continuous
present perfect	past perfect
future (am/is/are going to)	was/were going to
past tense	past perfect
past continuous	past perfect continuous
will	would
must, have to	had to
may (permission)	could, might
shall	should (ask for advice), would (simple future)
may (possibility)	might
can	could

Examples of changes verb (and capital):

Example of Sentence Direct Speech	Example of Sentence Reported Speech
“I have cleaned your room.”	He told that he had cleaned my room. Information: ·         have cleaned= present perfect ·         had cleaned= past perfect
“May I go to the bathroom?”	She asked if she could go to the bathroom. Information: ·         may= modal (present) ·         could= modal (past)

Sumber: http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-indirect-reported-speech

http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/04/pengertian-dan-contoh-reported-speech-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html

Elliptical Sentence

Elliptical sentence is a combination of two different words but the same subject predicate, and is used to prevent the repetition of the word. The use of elliptic sentence aims to deliver a statement in a simple and at the same time avoid repeating the same sentence elements.

In elliptic sentences, commonly used words too (as well), so (too), either (nor) Neither (does not), but (but) with the auxiliary verb (auxiliary verb).

So there are three types of elliptical sentence, namely:

1. So and Too

2. Either and Neither

3. But

Composition of elliptic sentences using too, and so

Elip sentence structures that use too and so, is used to combine two positive sentences that have the same predicate (including with complementary objects).

The pattern of the sentence:

.... (+) ...., And + subject + auxiliary + too

.... (+) ...., And + so + auxiliary + subject

Note:

The auxiliary verb (auxiliary verb), as used herein should be adjusted to shape the time of the first sentence. The position of the word too is always located behind the auxiliary verb, whereas the layout so always at the beginning of the auxiliary verb.

Example of sentences :

a.  She studies English everyday

           I study English everyday

Sentence elip:

She studies English everyday, and I am too

She studies English everyday, and so am I

       b. I bought a dictionary yesterday

           Joni bought a dictionary yesterday

Sentence elip:

I bought a dictionary yesterday, and Joni did too

I bought a dictionary yesterday, and so did Joni

The composition of elliptic sentences using either and Neither

Elip sentence structures that use either and Neither, used to join two pieces of the same negative sentence predicate (including objects and captions or complementary).

The pattern of the sentence:

.... (-) ...., And + subject + auxiliary + not + either

.... (-) ...., And + Neither + auxiliary + subject

Note:

The auxiliary verb used must be adapted to form a first sentence. The layout is either behind the auxiliary verb, whereas Neither location is before the auxiliary verb. Neither no need for additional notes on the back of her auxiliary verb because the shape Neither comes from "no + either"

Example of sentences :

a.  I did not go to school yesterday

           He did not go to school yesterday

Sentence elip:

I did not go to school yesterday, and he did not either

I did not go to school yesterday, and Neither did he

      b. Tracy does not have breakfast at seven

          I do not have breakfast at seven

Sentence elip:

Tracy does not have breakfast at seven, and I do not either

Tracy does not have breakfast at seven, and Neither do I

The composition of sentences elip use but

Elip sentence structures that use but, used to combine two sentences have the opposite predicate (one positive and one negative)

The pattern of the sentence:

.... (+) ...., But + subject + auxiliary + not

.... (+) ...., But + subject + auxiliary

Note:

The auxiliary verb used must be adapted to form a first sentence. If the first sentence in the form of positive, then its auxiliary must be coupled with a "not". Meanwhile, if the first sentence is negative, then the auxiliary its not necessary to add "not".

Example of sentences :

      a. They come here

          She does not come here

Sentence elip:

They come here, and she does not

He does not work hard

b    b. I work hard

Sentence elip:

 He does not work hard, but I do

Sumber: http://mahirbahasainggris.com/elliptical-sentence-dalam-bahasa-inggris/